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| new sandals |
Monday, January 19, 2015
Thursday, January 15, 2015
FLOWER
In addition to facilitating the reproduction of flowering plants, flowers have long been admired and used by humans to beautify their environment, and also as objects of romance, ritual, religion, medicine and as a source of food.
ISLAMIC CULTURE
Islamic culture is a term
primarily used in secular academia to describe the cultural practices common to
historically Islamic people. The early
forms of Muslim culture were
predominantly Arab. With
the rapid expansion of the Islamic
empires, Muslim culture has influenced and assimilated much from the Persian, Bangladeshi, Turkic, Pakistani, Mongol, Chinese, Indian, Malay, Somali, Berber, Egyptian, Indonesian, Filipino, Greek-Roman Byzantine, Spanish, Sicilian, Balkanic and Western[citation
needed] cultures. For the last ummah or the children of Muhammad, the culture of a practicing Muslim, are following the teachings of Muhammad.
The noted historian of Islam, Marshall Hodgson, noted the above difficulty of religious versus secular academic usage of the words "Islamic" and "Muslim" in his three-volume work, The Venture Of Islam. He proposed to resolve it by only using these terms for purely religious phenomena, and invented the term "Islamicate" to denote all cultural aspects of historically Muslim people. However, his distinction has not been widely adopted, and confusion remains in common usage of these article.
With the establishment of the Umayyad empire. secular Muslim literature developed. See The Book of One Thousand and One Nights. While having no religious content, this secular literature was spread by the Arabs all over their empires, and so became part of a widespread culture.
During the early 20th century, the liberal poet Kazi Nazrul Islam espoused intense spiritual rebellion against oppression, fascism and religious fundamentalism; and also wrote a highly acclaimed collection of Bengali ghazals. Sultana's Dream by Begum Rokeya, an Islamic feminist, is one earliest works of feminist science fiction.
In the performing
arts, the most popular skittle of theatre in the medieval Islamic world were puppet theatre (which included hand puppets, shadow plays and marionette productions) and live passion
plays known as ta'ziya, where actors re-enact episodes from Muslim
history. In particular, Shia
Islamic plays
revolved around the shaheed
(martyrdom) of Ali's sons Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali. Live
secular plays were known as akhraja, recorded in medieval adab literature, though they were
Contents
[hide]Terminological use[edit]
Islamic culture is itself a contentious term. Muslims live in many different countries and communities, and it can be difficult to isolate points of cultural unity among Muslims, besides their adherence to the religion of Islam. Anthropologists and historians nevertheless study Islam as an aspect of, and influence on, culture in the regions where the religion is predominant.The noted historian of Islam, Marshall Hodgson, noted the above difficulty of religious versus secular academic usage of the words "Islamic" and "Muslim" in his three-volume work, The Venture Of Islam. He proposed to resolve it by only using these terms for purely religious phenomena, and invented the term "Islamicate" to denote all cultural aspects of historically Muslim people. However, his distinction has not been widely adopted, and confusion remains in common usage of these article.
Religious practices and beliefs in Islam[edit]
Islamic culture generally includes all the practices which have developed around the religion of Islam, including Qur'anic ones such as prayer (salat) and non-Qur'anic such as divisions of the world in Islam. It includes as the Baul tradition of Bengal, and facilitated the peaceful conversion of most of Bengal. There are variations in the application of Islamic beliefs in culture.[1]Language and literature[edit]
See also: Islamic literature
Arabic[edit]
See also: Arabic literature
Early Muslim literature is in Arabic, as that was the language of Muhammad's communities in Mecca and Medina. As the early history of the Muslim community was
focused on establishing the religion of Islam, its literary output was religious
in character. See the articles on Qur'an, Hadith, and Sirah, which
formed the earliest literature of the Muslim community.With the establishment of the Umayyad empire. secular Muslim literature developed. See The Book of One Thousand and One Nights. While having no religious content, this secular literature was spread by the Arabs all over their empires, and so became part of a widespread culture.
Persian[edit]
See also: Persian literature
By the time of the Abbasid empire, Persian had become one of the main
languages of Islamic
Golden Age, Muslim civilization, and much of the most famous Muslim
literature is thus.
Tabatabaee-ha House,
Kashan Iran
Indo-Islamic[edit]
The Badshahi Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan is one of the few classical examples of
Mughal design and
architecture in South Asia.
See also: Bengali literature and Urdu literature
In Bengal, the Baul tradition of mystic music and poetry merged Sufism with many local images.[citation
needed] The most prominent poets were Hason Raja and Lalon Shah.During the early 20th century, the liberal poet Kazi Nazrul Islam espoused intense spiritual rebellion against oppression, fascism and religious fundamentalism; and also wrote a highly acclaimed collection of Bengali ghazals. Sultana's Dream by Begum Rokeya, an Islamic feminist, is one earliest works of feminist science fiction.
Modern[edit]
In modern times, classification of writers by language is increasingly irrelevant. The Egyptian Nobel laureate Naguib Mahfouz has been translated into English and read across the world. Other writers, such as Orhan Pamuk, write directly in English for a wider international audience.Theatre[edit]
The Royal Opera House in Muscat, Oman. It is
considered to be the first opera house linking Islamic culture with classical
music.[2]
The
Indonesian
puppet of Amir Hamzah, in Wayang
theatre.
Wednesday, January 14, 2015
ukimwi
HIV/AIDS is an immense problem in many African countries and among African
youth. Since sexual education is in general not taught in schools and talking
about sex related issues is a significant taboo, a digital learning environment
can serve as an important tool in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Sura ya
ukimwi , in Swahili for the face of AIDS, is a digital
learning environment developed for educating about the HIV/AIDS effectively. The
Sura ya UKIMWI environment is built upon real life stories of people infected
with HIV/AIDS. It has been shown that young people are in general familiar with
STIs (sexually transmitted infections), including HIV/AIDS, but the quality and
depth of their knowledge varies and misconceptions persist. There is still a
need to educate young people on the ways that HIV is (and is not) transmitted,
consequences of untreated STIs, attitudes towards people living with HIV and
that people may have HIV without showing any physical symptoms. The platform is
especially designed for Secondary School students in the Southern highlands of
Tanzania, specifically the Iringa region. The the Iringa region, Tanzania has
one of the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rates 15,7% compared to 7% (2009)for the
rest of the country. To make relevant material for the target group, secondary
school students from six different schools in Iringa have been actively involved
in the development of the platform.
Monday, January 12, 2015
UTOAJI WA MIMBA
Yafuatayo ni maelekezo kuhusu matumizi ya vidonge
vya Misoprostol (vidonge hivi hupatikana kwa majina ya Misotac, Citotec
au Kontrac):
Tahadhari za kuchukua
Jinsi gani vidonge hivi vinatumika
Vipimo bora vya dawa na matumizi yake
Matokeo gani wanawake watarajie
Madhara/matatizo yanayoweza kujitokeza
Kutumia vidonge vya Misoprostol (Misotec, Cytotec au Kontrac) peke yake hufanikiwa kutoa mimba kwa asilimia 90. Taarifa hii inatokana na utafiti uliofanywa na Shirika la Afya Ulimwenguni (WHO).
Tahadhari za kuchukua
Jinsi gani vidonge hivi vinatumika
Vipimo bora vya dawa na matumizi yake
Matokeo gani wanawake watarajie
Madhara/matatizo yanayoweza kujitokeza
Kutumia vidonge vya Misoprostol (Misotec, Cytotec au Kontrac) peke yake hufanikiwa kutoa mimba kwa asilimia 90. Taarifa hii inatokana na utafiti uliofanywa na Shirika la Afya Ulimwenguni (WHO).
Maamuzi ya kutoa mimba ni jambo gumu sana kwa wanawake walio wengi. Iwapo huwezi kumweleza muhudumu wako wa afya kuhusu kutoa mimba au njia nyinginezo, tunashauri ujadili suala hilo na rafiki unayemwamini au ndugu wa karibu. Haswa tunashauri binti au wasichana kuongea na wazazi /mzazi wao/wake au mtu mzima anayemwamini kuhusu hali yake, uamuzi alionao na jinsi ya kutekeleza utoaji mimba.
Iwapo mwanamke yeyote anadhamira ya dhati ya kukatiza mimba yake na hana njia nyingine ya kumwezesha kufanya hivyo, ni vyema asome kwanza maelekezo haya kwa makini.
Ni vyema pia iwapo atayajadili na mmoja kati ya marafiki zake. Wala usijaribu kutekeleza jambo hili peke yako.
Kama utakuwa na maswali zaidi kuhusu njia hii au kwa kubadilishana uzoefu baada ya kusoma taarifa hizi, usisite kututumia baura pepe info@womenonweb.org
JINSI YA KUTOA MIMBA KWA KUTUMIA MISOPROSTOL na TAADHARI ZA KUCHUA
Mwanamke yeyote asijaribu kutoa mimba peke yake iwapo ana mimba inayozidi wiki 12, ni lazima amuombe rafiki yake awe pamoja naye. Shirika la Afya Ulimwenguni linaruhusu matumizi ya dawa ya Misoprostol nyumbani hadi wiki ya 9 ya ujauzito. Kati ya wiki ya 9 na 12 uwezekano wa matatizo kutokeza unaongezeka na mwanamke anapashwa kuchukua tahadhari zaidi. Ushauri wa jinsi ya kutumia Misoprostol ni ule ule kwa wiki 12 za kwanza za ujauzito.
Vidonge vya Misoprostol husababisha maumivu ya tumbo. Matokeo yake ni kizazi kujaribu kutoa nje ujauzito. Mwanamke anaweza kupatwa na maumivu makali ya tumbo, kutokwa na damu kwenye uke inayozidi ile ya hedhi ya kawaida, kichefuchefu, kutapika na/au kuharisha.
Kuna uwezekano wa damu kuvuja kwa wingi, hali amabayo inambidi mwanamke ahudumiwe na dakatari. Misoprostol hufanikiwa kutoa mimba kwa zaidi ya asilimia 80%. Vidonge hivi vinapatikana katika maduka ya dawa za binadamu (pharmacy) karibu nchi zote ulimwenguni.
Hali na matokeo ya kutoaji mimba kwa kutumia Misoprostol yanafanana na yale ya mimba poromoka (yenyewe). Iwapo kutakuwa na tatizo, mwanamke anatakiwa kwenda kwenye kituo cha afya na anaweza kumueleza daktari au muhudumu kuwa mimba yake imeporomoka.
Jinsi ya kutibu hali hiyo pia inafanana na ile ya mimba iliyoporomoka. Iwapo pia kumejitokeza tatizo mwanamke anaweza kwenda kituo cha afya na kumweleza daktari au muhudumu kuwa mimba yake imeporomoka. Dakatari au muhudumu wa afya atamtibu kana kwamba ameharibikiwa na mimba. Hakuna njia yoyote ya kumwezesha daktari kugundua kuwa mwanamke ametumia dawa hii ya Misoprostol.
Yafuatayo ni maelezo muhimu ambayo mwanamke yeyote anayetaka kutoa mimba kwa kutumia dawa hizi anapashwa kufahamu:
Mwanamke awe na uhakika kuwa anaujauzito
Anaweza kuchukua kipimo cha ujauzito au kupita kwenye ultrasound. Kipimo cha ultrasound kitaonyesha iwapo mwanamke ana mimba na umri wa mimba hiyo. Wanawake walio wengi hujitambua kuwa na mimba pindi wanapojiisi kuwa wenye kuhitaji sana ngono na iwapo wamechelea kipindi cha hedhi. kichefuchefu, matiti kuvimba na uchovu ni miongoni mwa dalili za mwanzo za ujauzito.Misoprostol inapashwa kutumika iwapo mwanamke ana uhakika wa asilimia 100% kuwa anataka kutoa mimba
Mwanamke asitumie Misoprostol baada ya mimba kufikia wiki 12 na zaidi
Mimba inatimiza wiki 12 kwa maana ya siku 84 tukihesabu kuanzia siku ya kwanza ya hedhi ya mwisho. Mwanamke anawezahesabu kwa usahihi siku zake za ujauzito. Ili kufanya hivyo ni lazima akumbuke tarehe ya kuanza kwa hedhi yake ya mwisho, ataanza kuhesabu siku hiyo hadi siku aliyofikia kwa sasa. Iwapo mwanamke anafikiri amekuwa na ujauzito kwa zaidi ya wiki 12, au iwapo kipimo cha ultrasound kitaonyesha hivyo, hatumshauri kumeza vidonge vya Misoprostol isipokuwa chini ya uangalizi wa daktari. Hata hivyo, dawa hii inawezafanya kazi ila uwezekano wa kutokwa na damu kwa wingi, kupatwa na maumivu makali na athari zingine zaweza jitokeza katika mimba za baadaye.Mwanamke asijaribu kamwe kutoa mimba akiwa peke yake
Unapotoa mimba ni muhimu sana kuwa na mtu karibu, ambaye aweza kuwa mwenzi wako (mme), rafiki au ndugu wa karibu ambaye anafahamu nini unatekeleza na ataweza kusaidia iwapo yatajitokeza matatizo yoyote. Atakapoanza kutokwa na damu, ni vyema awepo mtu wa kusaidia pindi hali itamzidia.Dawa ya Misoprostol itumiwe bila usimamizi wa muhudumu wa afya iwapo tu mwanamke hana ugonjwa wowote wa hatari
Magonjwa mengi hayahatarishi utoaji mimba. Hata hivyo baadhi ya magonjwa kama vile anaemia (kupungukiwa damu), unaweza sababisha damu nyingi sana kupotea.Epuka matumizi ya madawa ya kulevya na pombe (kileo) wakati unatumia Misoprostol
Inabidi mwanamke ajitambue na kujidhibiti wakati huu. Anaweza kunywa na kula kama kawaida, isipokuwa tu kutokana na kusikia kichefuchefu tunashauri ale kidogo tu.Misoprostol itumiwe tu iwapo usafiri wa kumwezesha mwanamke kufika hospitali haraka unapatikana
Kwa jinsi hiyo itakuwa rahisi kumpa huduma ya matibabu iwapo kutakuwa na matatizo.Misoprostol isitumiwe iwapo kuna uwezekano wa mimba ya nje ya kizazi, hali ambayo hutokea kwa asilimia 1 tu ya mimba zote.
ya mimba inayoitwa ectopic huwa nje ya mji wa uzazi. Mimba hii inaweza kugunduliwa kwa kuchukua kipimo cha ultrasound. Hali hiyo inahitaji matibabu ya daktari wa uzazi au gynecologist ili kufuatilia hali ya mama. Kama hali hii haikutibiwa, kuna uwezekano mkubwa wa kuvuja damu kwa ndani kutokana na mirija ya uzazi kupasuka. Madaktari katika nchi zote ulimwenguni hutibu wanawake wenye matatizo haya, hata kama katika nchi hizo utoaji mimba umeharamishwa. Mimba ya nje ya kizazi haiwezi kutibiwa kwa Misoprostol.Usitumie Misoprostol iwapo una kipandikizi cha kuzuia mimba (IUD) ukeni.
Kipandikizi hiki ni kijiti kidogo chenye urefu wa ncha tatu (3) hivi ambacho huingizwa ukeni ili kuzuia mimba. Iwapo mwanamke ana kipandikizi na ni mjamzito, ni lazima apime ultrasound kwa sababu uwezekano wa mimba kutunga nje ya mji wa uzazi ni mkubwa. Iwapo mimba imetunga ndani ya mji wa uzazi, ni lazima kuondoa IUD kabla ya kutumia dawa za kutoa mimba.Kama mwanamke ana mzio wa Misoprostol au homoni yoyote ya prostaglandin (kama dawa aina hizi humletea madhara ya baadaaye), asitumie kabisa dawa hii.
Hali hii hutokea mara chache sana, na mwanamke ataifahamu kama alikwishaitumia siku za nyuma na madhara fulani yakamtokea. Kama hajawahi kutumia dawa hii kabla basi hafahamu kama ana mzio nayo.Upo uwezekano wa jaribio la kuondoa mimba kwa kutumia Misoprostol kushindwa na mwanamke anapashwa afahamu hivyo.
Uwezekano wa Misoprostol kufanikisha kuondoa mimba ni asilimia 90% (hii inamaanisha kuwa kati ya mwanamke 1 hadi 2 kati ya kila wanawake 10 hawatafanikisha kutoa mimba zao). Kushindwa hutokea iwapo vidonge havikusababisha damu kuvuja au damu zilivuja lakini mimba ilibaki. Katika hali hii, mwanamke anaweza jaribu tena baada ya siku chache, ila ni lazima achukue kipimo cha ujauzito iwapo hakufanya hivyo kabla ya kutumia Misoprostol katika hatua ya kwanza. Hata hivyo atambue kuwa dawa inaweza kushindwa kwa mara ya pili tena. Kama dawa itashindwa na mwanamke ana mimba inayozidi wiki 12 sasa, na iwapo hakuna dakari anayeweza kumsaidia, anaweza kwenda nchi nyingine ambako utoaji mimba umehalalishwa au anaweza kuamua kubaki na ujauzito wake.**Kama mwanamke atajishuku kuwa na magonjwa ya zinaa, ni lazima amuone daktari ili atibiwe.
Iwapo kuna uwezekano wa ugonjwa wa zinaa kama vile Kisonono au Kaswende, muone daktari ili upewe tiba rasmi. Hatari ya kupatwa na magonjwa haya ni kubwa iwapo mwanamke amebakwa, lakini hujitokeza pia baada ya kufanya ngono isiyo salama na mwenzi wako au mtu yeyote mwingine. Kutokutibu magonjwa ya zinaa kunaongeza hatari ya kuvimba kwa kizazi na mirija ya uzazi. Hali hii huitwa PID yaani uvimbe wa nyonga au kwa kitaalamu salpingitis au adnexitis.Mwanamke mwenye UKIMWI anaweza kutumia vidonge vya Misoprostol kwa salama, ila tu anaweza akaathiriwa zaidi na upungufu wa damu au athari nyingine.
UNAWEZA JE KUPATA DAWA YA MISOPROSTOL?
Baadhi ya maduka ya dawa baridi yanauza Misoprostol. Nchini Tanzania dawa hii huuzwa kwa jina la Misotac. Nchini Jamuhuri ya Kidemokrasi ya Congo inajulikana kwa jina la Cytotec au Kontrac.Katika baadhi ya maduka dawa hii huuzwa kwa maagizo (cheti) ya daktari, katika maduka mengine cheti hakiitajiki. Iwapo utapata shida kununua dawa hii kwenye duka moja, jaribu lingine, au muombe rafiki yako wa kiume akununulie, huenda ikawa rahisi kwake kuipata. Au pia unaweza jaribu kutafuta daktari atakayekubali kukuandikia dawa hiyo. Mara nyingi watu hupata urahisi katika maduka madogo ya dawa baridi.
Iwapo muuza dawa atauliza kwa nini unanunua dawa hii, unaweza kumueleza kuwa dada au rafiki yako anajifungua na anahitaji vidonge hivi ili kupunguza kuvuja damu nyingi.
Wakati mwingine dawa hupatikana kwa watu binafsi. Ni lazima ujiridhishe kuwa dawa utakayo nunua kwa watu hawa ni Misoprostol na wala si dawa nyingine tofauti.
Mtumiaji anunue kwa uchache vidonge vya Misoprostol (Misotac, Cytotec au Kontrac) 12 vya 200mg.
MISOPROSTOL ITUMIWE VIPI?
Matumizi mabaya ya Misoprostol yanaweza kuathiri afya ya mwanamke!!
Ili uweze kutoa mimba, fanya yafuatayo:- 1. Weka vidonge 4 vya Misoprostol vya 200mg (ikiwa jumla 800mg) chini ya ulimi.
- 2. Baada ya masaa matatu (3), weka vidonge vingine 4 vya Misoprostol chini ya ulimi. Usimeze pia vidonge hadi dakika 30 hivi, ili viweze kuyeyuka kabisa.
- 3. Baada ya masaa matatu (3), weka vidonge vingine 4 vya Misoprostol chini ya ulimi kwa mara nyingine. Usimeze vidonge hadi dakika 30 hivi, ili viweze kuyeyuka kabisa.
**Ufanisi utafikia asilimia 90%.
Utaratibu huu unafanikisha wanawake 8 hadi 9 kutoa mimba zao.
Baada ya dozi ya kwanza ya Misoprostol mtumiaji atarajie kuvuja damu na maumivu ya tumbo. Kwa kawaida kuvuja damu huanza ndani ya saa nne (4) baada ua kumeza vidonge na wakati mwingine huchelewa zaidi. Kuvuja damu ndio dalili ya kwanza kuwa utoaji mimba umeanza. Hali inapoendelea, uvujaji damu na maumivu ya tumbo huongezeka zaidi. Mara nyingi damu huwa nzito na nyingi kuzidi zile za hedhi ya kawaida na huweza kutokea madonge.
Kadri mimba inavyokuwa kubwa ndivyo maumivu yanavyo kuwa makubwa na damu kuwa nyingi.
Kama kutoka kwa mimba kumekamilika damu hupungua na maumivu pia. Wakati wa mimba kutoka hutambulika kwa damu kuwa nyingi zaidi na nzito na maumivu kuwa makali zaidi.
Kulingana na ukubwa wa mimba, mtu anaweza kuona mfuko mdogo ukiwa umezingwa na nyamanyama. Iwapo mwanamke ana mimba ya kama wiki tano hadi sita hataweza kuona mfuko wowote. Baada ya wiki tisa anaweza kuona mfuko na kijitoto kwenye damu.
Kati ya wiki 9 hadi 12 uwekezano wa kupata matatizo huwa ni mkubwa. Iwapo damu haikuvuja baada ya dozi ya tatu, basi mimba haikutoka na mwanamke anaweza kujaribu tena baada ya siku chache au anaweza kuonana na daktari ambaye atakubali kumpa msaada. Kama mwanamke atapenda kuondoa maumivu anaweza kutumia Paracetamol au Panadol.
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